Our Final Exam is Wednesday, May 3, 1pm in BH 105
Text Materials:

• Ladefoged 5th Edition, Chapts 1-11 (and handouts).
• American English allophones webpage
• Port's continuous phonetics handouts
  
• ToBi materials
• Web materials on acoustics
• Spectrogram reading materials
• Port's paper ``Graphical basis of phones and phonemes''
  

Transcription: Be able to transcribe dialects of English using the basic IPA alphabet.

Speech anatomy: lips, tongue tip (apex), tongue blade, tongue dorsum, tongue root.  Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx (nasal and oral),soft palate (velum), hard palate, alveolar ridge.
       Larynx vs. glottis, vocal folds, false vocal folds, trachea, epiglottis.

Basic symbol set of the IPA (International Phonetic Assoc.)

Places of Articulation - at two `levels of detail': Labial, Apical, Palatal, Velar, Glottal, OR bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, labiovelar, glottal (Ladef, Table 7.3, p. 147)

Manners of Articulation (Chapters 3, 7) : stop, nasal, approximant, fricative, trill, tap, flap, lateral vs. central.  What argument could you raise to claim that click is a Manner of Artic?  What argument could you raise to claim that a click is a Place of Artic?

Vowels

Consonants

Stops, fricatives (obstruents); Essential gestures: oral closure + nasal closure OR glottal closure
Stop variants: lateral release, glottal stop, flap (or tap), trill
Homorganic relationships, voicing pairs. What is coarticulation?
Air stream mechanisms: (pulmonic, glottalic, velaric) X (ingressive, egressive); Plosive, Ejective, Implosive, Click.
Voice-onset time: Continous, in fact, but across languages has 3 modes: prevoiced, short-lag (unaspirated), long-lag (aspirated). Eng vs. French VOT patterns.
Other `voicing' cues for English: vowel duration and obstruent duration for postvocalic obstruents.
Affricates vs. fricatives (note spelling!)
Breathy-voiced stops (voiced aspirates) (eg, in what languages?)
Glottal articulations:  [h] vs. voiceless vs. voiced (laryngealized voice, glottal fry, breathy voice, etc)

        This primitive theory of phonetics (or phonology) is based on a set of `independent articulatory systems': lips, tongue tip, tongue body, velum, vocal folds. Each of these dimensions (or motor-control systems) is largely independent of the others, and has a small set of mutually exclusive values.  Eg, the lips can be open, rounded or closed, but can never be in two states at once. Each system changes state in continuous time in one or two dimensions. Plots of each articulatory system (reducing each to a single dimension) can be plotted against time (rather like a musical score). Be able to draw such plots for single words showing coarticulation, assimilation and certain timing details (eg, VOT, coordination of velum with other oral articulators, etc).

Properties of the IPA phonetic alphabet

• IPA attempts to be universal, but is really inspired by orthographic alphabet  (conventional spelling) but is more consistent for scientific purposes.
  
• Good for writing down approximate actual pronunciations. but not exact ones.
•  It is a better model for cognitive form of words than orthography, but is not necessarily a good model
• Its easy to cover most of the sounds of languages of the world, but impossible to get all of them (claims Port)
• The Place x Manner x Voicing model is inadequate because:
1) `secondary articulations'?, clicks? (there are not enough dimensions)
2) empty cells: eg, `lateral velars' `voiced glottal stops'? (dimensions of Place and Manner are not independent)
3) Cannot represent timing patterns like VOT or C length  or overlap of gestures (nonsegmental properties are ignored)
• The closer we look, the more subtle features we find that differ between languages (Phonetic theory can't be closed but rather must be open-ended)
• Phonetic transcription seems natural to us because of our lifelong alphabet training and experience.
  

Acoustics of Speech
       acoustic medium, wave motion, transverse vs. longitudinal wave
       period, amplitude, wave velocity
       additivity (superposition) property. Implications:
          1) spectral representation - shows amplitude of sinusoidal
               components in a complex waves
          2) independence of sound sources in environment
          3) filtering of selected frequencies
       acoustic filter - multiplication of some amplitudes by number less than 1.  The Transfer Function of a filter displays that
	 multiplication for each frequency.

Acoustic Theory of Speech Production: Claims that observed acoustic signals of speech result from a sound Source (from the glottal 
   buzz or frication) filtered by a vocal Cavities (in front of the source).
                 OUTPUT = SOURCE function  (modified by, ie, multiplied by) a FILTER function