Building an IoT

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# 181U Spring 2020
### IoT Applications

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- Geoffrey Brown, 2020
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# Agenda

* Course Mechanics
  * Labs
  * Grading
  * Policies
* What does IoT Mean ?
* Outline of Course Topics
  * Introduction to Internet
  * IoT Protocols
  * C Programming
  * Embedded Programming
  * IoT Systems
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# Course Mechanics

* **Instructor**
   * Geoffrey Brown
   * Office: Edmunds 128
   * Office Hours:  TBD
   * geoffrey.brown@pomona.edu
* **Laboratory**
   * Tuesdays 1:15-4:00 Edmunds 105
   * No lab this week

* **Assignments**
   * Most assignments will start in Lab
   * The first few labs are mostly tutorial

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# Course Grading

**Assignment Grading**
  * Every assignment will have a concise report that
    - explains any code developed
    - discusses the goals, design decisions, and issues
  * Default grade breakdown
    - 60% correct, working implementation (Please demo in lab)
    - 40% report

**Course Grading**
  * 60% Lab/Assignments
  * 20% Final Project
  * 20% Midterms

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# This is a Systems Course

* Systems building differs from your past experience in programming
  * Typically, systems are built from collections of existing components
  * Systems frequently involve communication between distributed components
  * Systems building often involves using libraries in a variety of languages
  * Debugging can be challenging

* IoT systems building uses Internet Protocols to combine
  * Cloud-based servers
  * Local servers and gateways
  * Embedded devices

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# Assumptions

**Current Assumptions**
* You have had intro programming + data structures
* You are likely comfortable in Java
* You may have programmed in Python
* You probably have not programmed in C
* Some of you have used git for storing your code

**My Plan**
* To minimize the new languages you need to learn (C)
* To teach you in lab how to use the tools you need

**The Risks**
* My assumptions are wrong -- *I hope you'll feel free to tell me !*
* Things take longer than I plan -- *We'll adjust the schedule*

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# My Hopes

* You're not afraid to "break things"
* You can cope with the unexpected
* You enjoy making stuff

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# What is IoT ?

* An answer is the connection of sensors (and actuators) in distributed
applications

* IoT builds upon the underlying Internet infrastructure

* IoT uses the Internet Infrastructure in new ways with new protocols

*  IoT also is used to refer to networks that are (generally) disconnected from the 
Internet -- such as cars (CAN Bus) and people (body area networks)

* IoT applications are also characterized by intermittent connectivity

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# Connectivity

![](images/space.png# w-20pct)
![](images/connectivity.png# w-60pct)

https://www.postscapes.com/what-exactly-is-the-internet-of-things-infographic/

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# Sensors

![](images/space.png# w-25pct)
![](images/iotsensors.png# w-50pct)
https://www.postscapes.com/what-exactly-is-the-internet-of-things-infographic/

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# Existing Smart Application Services

![](images/space.png# w-10pct)
![](images/existing-smart-apps.png# w-80pct)
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# Applications

![](images/space.png# w-3-12th)
![](images/iot-applications.png# w-50pct)

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# Compound Applications

![](images/space.png# w-20pct)
![](images/compound-applications.png# w-60pct)

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# An Application Taxonomy

* Consumer
      - Smart Home
      - Elder Care
* Commercial
      - Medical/Heathcare
      - Transportation
      - Building automation
* Industrial
      - Manufacturing
      - Agriculture
* Infrastructure
      - Smart Cities
      - Energy
      - Environment

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# E-Health

![](images/space.png# w-20pct)
![](images/ehealth.png# w-60pct)

** Figure from: "The Era of Internet of things", Khaled Salah Mohamed, 2019, Springer**
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# The Internet

The Internet is a remarkable entity that introduced some key ideas to computer science

* **Recursive structure** -- "the Internet" is composed of smaller "Internets".  In fact, computer operating systems have been structured on similar principles.

* **Virtualization** -- applications communicate through "virtual" services.

* **Abstraction Layers** --The structure is built in as a series of layers -- each layer "encapsulates" the
function of the lower layers and provides a new, more powerful, abstraction to the 
layers above it.

* **Fault Tolerance**  -- The Internet is designed to be resilient in the face of failures

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# Internet Design requirements - scalable connectivity

**Point to Point Links**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/point-to-point-links.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Design requirements - scalable connectivity

**Switched Network**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/switched-network.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Design requirements - scalable connectivity

**Interconnection of Networks**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/interconnected-networks.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Design requirements

**Cost Effective Resource Sharing**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/resource-sharing.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Design requirements

**Switch multiplexing packets onto a link**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/packet-multiplexing.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Design Requirements -- support for common services

**Applications communicating through a virtual channel**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/support-for-applicaitons.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Architecture

**Protocol layering**

![](images/layered-protocols.png# w-30pct)
![](images/space.png# w-2-12th)
![](images/peer-to-peer-interface.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Architecture

**Hypothetical Protocol Graph**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/hypothetical-protocol-graph.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Architecture

**Encapsulation**

![](images/space.png# w-30pct)
![](images/protocol-encapsulation.png# w-40pct)

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# Internet Architecture

**Internet Protocol Graph**

![](images/internet-protocol-graph.png# w-30pct)
![](images/space.png# w-3-12th)
![](images/internet-packets.png# w-30pct)

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# Architecture for this class (roughly)

* Internet Architecture and Protocols -- 2-3 weeks
* IoT Protocols -- 1 week
* C Programming -- 2 weeks
* Embedded Devices
  - Foundations -- 2 weeks
  - Sensors     -- 2 weeks
* Communication  -- 2 weeks
* Security       -- 1 week
* IoT Platforms   -- 1 week

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# Some of the building blocks we'll use

![](images/nucleo-stm.png# w-30pct)
![](images/space.png# w-10pct)
![](images/node-red-image.png# w-50pct)

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# Example system (Bloomington)
**BLE Plant Monitor**

![](images/plant-monitor.png# w-30pct)
![](images/space.png# w-1-12th)
![](images/study-dashboard.png# w-60pct)

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# Summary

* Slides from https://www.postscapes.com/what-exactly-is-the-internet-of-things-infographic/
* Slides from https://book.systemsapproach.org
* Cover Photo and lecture material: By <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wilgengebroed/">Wilgengebroed on Flickr</a> - Cropped and sign removed from <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_of_things_signed_by_the_author.jpg" title="File:Internet of things signed by the author.jpg">Internet of things signed by the author.jpg</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0" title="Creative Commons Attribution 2.0">CC BY 2.0</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32745645">Link</a>