Ontologies and where they come from

Representation of what's "out there" (and how we talk about it)
- Standard Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)
- ConceptNet
- CYC
- A critique of traditional (engineered) ontologies: Shirky, 2005
Representation of how words in a language relate to one another
- Corpus-based models
  - First generation
    - Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)
    - Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL; Burgess and Lund, 1997)
  - Second generation
    - Beagle (Jones and Mewhort, 2007)
    - Syntagmatic Paradigmatic model (SP) (Dennis, 2005)
- Hand-crafted models
  - WordNet
  - FrameNet
Representation of how words across languages relate to one another
- Global WordNet Grid
- cut-break project

FrameNet continued

Giving

Barney gave the beer to Moe.
$300 was endowed to the universityto build a new performing arts building.

Attend

The Angolan guerrillas will attend a September meeting in Zaire.
We just go to the movies when it rains.
His attendance at the funeral did not go unnoticed.

Cause_to_be_wet

Jo soaked the dog with water.
Ellen wet the sponge with water.
The sprinklers drenched me.

Diversity

A range of answers were proposed.
The songs on the album are incredibly diverse.

Fastener

The door seal prevented air from getting in and the kids' screams
from getting out.
She has an antique ivory button at the front and another vintage
button on her apron.
NIST designed a high pressure seal for the extension sleeve using
a series of metal washers to load the window under pressure.

Issues in Gamallo et al.

Conditions, locations, scope
Syntactic vs. semantic requirements
Extensions and intensions
Head-dependent, predicate-argument
Complements, modifiers; corequirements
Words as position features
Clustering
Lin coefficient again
Syntactic attachment ambiguity
Attachment heuristics: right attachment, corequirements

Issues in Gildea and Jurafsky

FrameNet, semantic frames, frame elements, frame targets (frame-evoking lexical units)
The appropriate level of generalization for relational categories
Applications of semantic labeling, shallow semantic parsing: domain-general vs. domain-specific systems
Ambiguity and disambiguation (again)

FrameNet continued

Attend

The Angolan guerrillas will attend a September meeting in Zaire.
We just go to the movies when it rains.
His attendance at the funeral did not go unnoticed.

Cause_to_be_wet

Jo soaked the dog with water.
Ellen wet the sponge with water.
The sprinklers drenched me.

Diversity

A range of answers were proposed.
The songs on the album are incredibly diverse.

Fastener

The door seal prevented air from getting in and the kids' screams
from getting out.
She has an antique ivory button at the front and another vintage
button on her apron.
NIST designed a high pressure seal for the extension sleeve using
a series of metal washers to load the window under pressure.