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![]() Spring Semester 2002 |
Questions:
double s = s0 + v0 * t + g * t * t / 2.0;
double G = 4 * Math.PI * Math.PI * Math.pow(a, 3) / ( P * P * (m1 + m2));
double FV = PV * Math.pow(1 + INT / 100, YRS);
double c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b - 2 * a * b * Math.cos(gamma))
Note that you had a few degrees of freedom regarding the types of the
variables, and what this problem was testing was essentially the ability to put together an
expression with constants, identifiers (variables names) and the operators we have in Java.
It was OK to keep the variables names as given in the original formulas, even though if
you were to name them in a program you would probably follow the convention by which names
of functions and variables should start with lowercase.
dm = m * ((Math.sqrt(1 + v / c) / Math.sqrt(1 - v / c)) - 1);
volume = Math.PI * r * r * h;
volume = 4 * Math.PI * Math.pow(r, 3) / 3;
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x1 = (-b - Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / 2 * a; x2 = (-b + Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / 2 * a;
The difference is the one between
and Here
the Java expressions are encoding the first formula (because of the property we
called 'left to right associativity'). The correct expression is the second one, where
a
appears in the denominator, so you need to put 2 * a
in
parentheses
to get the right formula.
x1 = (-b - Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a);
x2 = (-b + Math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a);
The answer to this question is in the book. Integers
cover a smaller range than floating point numbers so switching to a floating
point would no longer produce an overflow.
Roundoff errors are also explained in the book and the simplest example is
The reason for which this happens is called gradual underflow and
it can result in loss of precision. Java implements the IEEE 754 standard which
accepts this behaviour because overall it makes things more predictable for a
certain class of numerical algorithms.
For us in this class (A201/A597, that is) this actually won't be an issue.
However if you do want infinite precision (and no range limits) you should use the
classes
which prints as 4.35 * 100
434.99999999999994
or so. BigInteger
and BigDecimal
in
java.math
as explained in the book.
The roundoff error described above would not happen if we were to
switch to 1/100's and use integers. Essentially
we would be doing the roundoff correction ourselves then, as is also
explained in the book.
n
be an integer and x
a floating-point number. Explain the difference between
andn = (int)x;
For what values ofn = (int)Math.round(x);
x
do they give the same result?
For what values of x
do they give different results?
What happens if x
is negative?
For positive numbers casting to an int
is
equivalent to taking the Math.floor()
while for negative numbers
casting to an int
becomes in essence Math.ceil()
. Both
functions coincide with Math.round()
in only half of the cases (and
always the other half).
public class WarmUpSix { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.print("This program adds two numbers. ), //" and ; are missing as indicated: ^ ^ x = 5; // x needs to be declared first int y = 3.5; // fractional part requires double or float System.out.print("The sum of " + x + " and " + y " is: "); // ^ missing + above System.out.println(x + y) // missing ; } }
public class WarmUpSeven { public static void main(String[] args) { ConsoleReader console = new ConsoleReader(System.in); int total = 1; // should be 0 System.out.println("Please enter a number:"); int x1 = Integer.parseInt(console.readLine()); total = total + x1; System.out.println("Please enter another number:"); int x2 = Integer.parseInt(console.readLine()); total = total + x1; // should be x2 double average = total / 2; // better divide by 2.0 to not lose 0.5 System.out.println("The average of two numbers is " + average); } }
One can easily guess what the intended purpose of the program was.
2
, 2.0
, "2"
, and "2.0"
.
There are four values of three types: an integer, a floating-point number (both are numbers, but of different types), and two strings. You can do arithmetic only with the numbers.
andx = 2; y = x + x;
s = "2"; t = s + s;
The first one computes the number
4
, the second one the string "22"
.
The problem is to be aware of the initial value in a variable. If you initialize with zero you may get into trouble if you happen to use the value in that variable in a division at the denominator. But that would be about the only case when you could get into trouble.
x
is an int
and
s
is a String
)
Integer.parseInt("" + x)
is the same as x
Starting from the number we make it into a string which has as characters the digits of the number and then we convert that to an integer thus getting back the number we originally started from.
"" + Integer.parseInt(s)
is the same as s
Starting from a string that presumably represents a number we turn that into the number that it represents. We then make it back into a string by adding the empty string in front of it in a concatenation operation.
s.substring(0, s.length())
is the same as s
Esentially we create a second string from the first one, and this second string has all characters of the first string, and although a different object it would print the same.
Concatenating the number to the empty string is my
favorite way of doing it. There is another way as explained on page 79
in the book, using the toString
methods. Perhaps this second
method is more explicit, but why look up the name of yet another method when
we can convert it on the spot using the empty string. In the end, use what
you works best for you.
We could obtain them as substrings of length one that start at position 0 and (length - 1) respectively. Removing can only be done in an indirect way, as illustrated in class.
n
is 23456
, how do you find out
2
and 6
? Do not convert the number to a string.
Hint: %
, Math.log
You either use logarithms extensively, or turn the number
to a string and take the first and the last character. Here's the formula for
the first and the last digit in the number (any number) but who can verify
that this formula, especially the second one, is right (as it is):
int lastDigit = n % 10;
int firstDigit = n / (int)( Math.pow( 10,
(int)( Math.log(n) /
Math.log(10))
)
);
final
variable? Can you define a final
variable without supplying its value?
Variables declared as final
accept only one
initialization, at the time the value is declared, or later, but only once.
What are the values of the following expressions?double x = 2.5; double y = -1.5; int m = 18; int n = 4; String s = "Hello"; String t = "World";
x + n * y - (x + n) * y
In every subexpression there is
one term that is a double
(either x
or y
) so all arithmetic will be floating-point.
m / n + m % n
This is (4 + 2)
so the result is 6
.
5 * x - n / 5
Same as 5 * x
as 4 / 5
is 0
.
Math.sqrt(Math.sqrt(n))
This is the square root of 2
.
(int)Math.round(x)
First we round to 3
(as a long
) then we make
that an int
.
(int)Math.round(x) + (int)Math.round(y)
Boils down to
Note that the closest integer to 3 + (-1)
basically. -1.51
is -2
but the closest to
-1.5
is -1
. So this method will always round up.
s + t
Two String
s.
s + n
A String
and a number.
1 - (1 - (1 - (1 - (1 - n))))
Same as 1 - n
in this particular case.
s.substring(1, 3)
Two characters, the second and the third.
s.length() + t.length()
Two numbers, each one being 6
(as the
lengths of the two String
s).
frilled.cs.indiana.edu%cat Sixteen.java public class Sixteen { public static void main(String[] args) { double x = 2.5; double y = -1.5; int m = 18; int n = 4; String s = "Hello"; String t = "World"; System.out.println(x + n * y - (x + n) * y); System.out.println(m / n + m % n); System.out.println(5 * x - n / 5); System.out.println(Math.sqrt(Math.sqrt(n))); System.out.println((int)Math.round(x)); System.out.println((int)Math.round(x) + (int)Math.round(y)); System.out.println(s + t); System.out.println(s + n); System.out.println(1 - (1 - (1 - (1 - (1 - n))))); System.out.println(s.substring(1, 3)); System.out.println(s.length() + t.length()); } } frilled.cs.indiana.edu%javac Sixteen.java frilled.cs.indiana.edu%java Sixteen 6.25 6 12.5 1.4142135623730951 3 2 HelloWorld Hello4 -3 el 10 frilled.cs.indiana.edu%
Hope you enjoyed this set of warmups, let me know if you have any questions.